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This paper argues that the name of Takht-e Soleymān, the ceremonial complex in Iranian Azerbaijan associated with the Sasanian royal fire sanctuary Ādur Gušnasp, preserves an older Iranian designation rather than replacing one. Panoussi reconstructs Sur-i-mān (better stated as Sūr-mān), "abode of the festival," from Persian sūr "feast, ceremonial celebration" and Middle Persian mān "dwelling" — a sense matching the site's documented function as the place where Sasanian kings were crowned and state ceremonies held. A liquid alternation r → l, followed by folk-etymological reanalysis, is proposed as the bridge to the Islamic-era Sulaymān, whose association with the prophet-king both explained the ruins and protected them.


A parallel argument treats the Ilkhanid name Sughurluq, conventionally "place of marmots," as a phonetic reduction of *Sur-qur-luq, "festival-built complex," through consonant loss and fricativization. The result is a three-stage model: an original ceremonial designation, phonetic decay with semantic degradation to an animal name, and finally mythological re-prestigization under Solomon.


These claims sit within a wider research programme on a possible sur- network: the attested sūr-saxwan "dinner speech," the conventionally accepted surnāy → zurnā, and the reconstructed Sur-i-bār (Zarīvār), Sur-bān (Sīrwān), and Sur-gān (Sīrjān). Two addenda follow — a comparative essay treating sur, ceremōnia, and kyrios as a triad of activation, correctness, and authority in Indo-European sacred order, and a research note on Sīrjān.


The paper is explicit that these are hypotheses. Reconstructed forms carry asterisks, and an editorial appendix assesses each claim's evidential status. The decisive test is documentary: no intermediate spelling between Šīz, the attested Islamic-era name, and Sulaymān has yet been found.

Sur-i-man/Sul-i-man, Ceremonial fest place, vs. Sulayman, biblical king Solomon

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